Summary是一种对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文,它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不加主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。但是很多留学生不知道summary怎么写以及怎么写好summary,本文致远教育小编为大家奉上写作方法。
Summary写作(summarywriting)是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文.另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一一罗列的不良倾向.这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力.
下面谈谈英文summary怎么写.
1)细读原文.首先要仔细阅读全篇作品,然后对作品进行整体分析,掌握原文总的意思和结构,明确全文的主题(themaintheme)和各段的段落大意(themainidea).
2)弄清要求.搞清楚是写全文概要,还是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点.3)列出原文要点.分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序.在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分.
4)草拟写作提纲并写出初稿.将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲,以所列的提纲为依据写出summary的初稿.在写作时要特别注意下面几点:
a.summary应包括原文中的主要事实(mainfacts);略去不必要的细节(unnecessarydetails).
b.安排好篇幅的比例.summary应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容.
c.注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接.要用适当的转折词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子.
d.尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句.
e.计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求.
如何写一篇文章的summary?
Summary是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述.它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题.写summary主要包括三个步骤:(1)阅读;
(2)写作;
(3)修改成文;
第一步:阅读
A.认真阅读给定的原文材料.如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍.阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻.
B.给summary起一个标题.用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题.也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题.主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾.一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想.
C.现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了.对重要部分的主要观点进行概括.
D.简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括summary重要的东西.
第二步:动手写作
A.summary应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长.因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字.summary的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字.
B.summary应全部用自己的话完成.不要引用原文的句子.
C.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序.这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实.
D.summary必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意.
E.写summary时可以采用下列几种小技巧:
1)删除细节.只保留主要观点.
2)选择一至两个例子.原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子.
3)把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子.如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可.
4)避免重复.在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明.但是这在summary中是不能使用的.应该删除那些突出强调的重述句.
5)压缩长的句子.如下列两例:
Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.
可以概括为:Hewasverybraveinbattle.
Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.
可以概括为:Hewasinfinancialdifficulties.
6)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句.请看下面的例子:
BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andMountHuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.
可以概括为:BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyonlyafewpeople,aretodayaccessibletomany,thankstobetterwages,paidholidays,newhotelsandbettertransportationservices.
7)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如:
ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.
可以概括为:Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevocation.
8)使用最短的连接词.比如,可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though,不能使用atthesametime,inthefirstplace,becauseofthese,ontheotherhand等较长的连接词.通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果.
9)文章中的第一人称说的话通常在summary中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如:
KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly:Youusemuchtoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paulitsnotgoodforyou!Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned:Whyonearthnot!Ifyoudidnthavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawfullikeeatingcardboardorsandjustimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit,orpotatoesorpastacookedwithoutsalt!Katewaspatient.ShedidntwanttoquarrelwithPaul.Shewantedtopersuadehim.Shesaidfirmly:Buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou.Itcausehighbloodpressureandlatteron,heart-attacks.Italsodisguisesthetasteoffood,therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtlethansalt,andwhichwehavelostthesensitivitytoappreciateanymore.
可以用第三人称概括为:
KatesuggestedtoPaulthatheshouldeatlesssalt.ShethoughtthateatingtoomuchsaltwoulddohardtoPaulshealthandthatitcouldreducetherealtastesoffood.ButPauldisagreed.Hesaidthatfoodwithoutsaltwouldbetasteless.
第三步:修改成文
草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改.首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了,summary中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致.其次,如果summary中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们.第三,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误.最后,保持语言简单明了.
经过上述步骤和方法,一篇summary就可以完成了,下面是一篇summary范文,供大家参考:
Summary范文分享
Winterer,Caroline.TheMirrorofAntiquity:AmericanWomenandtheClassicalTradition,1750-1900.Ithaca:CornellUniversityPress,2007.
Inthisfollow-uptoherearlierstudy,WintererfocusesontheplaceofclassicisminthelivesofAmericanwomen.Theunityorcontiguityofthisnarrativedepends,Ithink,onfamiliaritywiththeearlierwork.WithouthavingreadWinterersfirstbook,Imighthavefoundthisvolumearbitraryandinsular.
Wintererbeginsbydescribingtheplaceofclassicisminthelivesofwell-educated(fortheirtime)upper-classwomenofthepre-Revolutionaryera.Classicalmotifsandasmatteringofclassicalknowledgenotoforiginallanguagesbutofhistoryandliteraturewereawaytoornamentonesconversationoroneshome,awaytoparticipateatasuperficiallevelinasocialdiscoursewithmen.
DuringtheRevolutionaryera,womenappealedtotheidealoftheRomanmatrontocharacterizethemselvesasguardiansofrepublicanvirtuewhoplayedakeyroleinshapingthecharacterofAmericasyouthspecifically,Americassonsandthusthefutureofthecountry.
InherchapterontheearlyRepublic,Winterertracesthewaywomenappropriatedorunderstoodthreekeymotifsormyths:thewomenofSparta,Romancharity/theGreciandaughter,andthecontrastbetweenMinervaandVenus.IhadneverheardofRomancharity;nowIamscarredforlife.However,themyth,anditsreadyadoptionbywomen(orbymentalkingaboutwomen?)saysalotaboutwhatwomenwereexpectedtodoandtobe:completelyself-abnegatingintheserviceofpatriarchy.
WintererschapteronGrecianluxurydiscussestheimportationofclassical,andspecificallyGrecian/orientalmotifsintofashionanddecorating.Greciandresses(white,flowingfabric,nocorset,empirewaist)weremeanttomakewomenlookcolumnar;klismoschairsandsofasweremeanttoaccentuatewomenslifeofleisureandrepose.Thewholesectiononthesofaasasymbolofstatusanddecadenceisamazing,simplyforhistoricizingwhatissurelybynowaubiquitousandcompletelyunremarkableobject.
Atthesametimethatclassicalknowledgewasbeingcriticizedasbeingirrelevantandelite,classicismwasgoingmainstreamforwomen(andthedemocracyingeneral)withtheriseofmuseumsandculturalvenuesthatputaccesstotheclassicalpastwithinthereachofmorepeople.Infemaleacademies,womensseminaries,andcolleges,moreandmorewomenbegantolearnclassicallanguages.Wintererdoesnotsayifthisincreasedaccessofwomentotheclassicscausedtheirdeclineinprestigeorwasaconsequenceofit.*ButshedoespointoutrepeatedlythroughoutthebooktheironythatwomengainedfullparticipationinthetraditionofclassicallearningwhenclassicallearningwasnolongercentraltoAmericanpublicandpoliticallife.InherchapterontheGreekslave,Wintererdiscusseshowclassicisminformedpolemicsabouttheplaceofwomeninsociety,andthenobility(orlackthereof)offemaleslavesseekingfreedom.Inthelastchapter,onAntigone,Winterertalksabouthowtheplayofferedavehicletoportrayfemaleheroism,butaheroismthatwaslinkedtogenderessentialisminthe19thcentury.
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