相信每位留学生在写作业的时候都有这样的感觉：Introduction是最难写，也是最耗费时间的部分。一个好的Introduction可以全面概述论文的主题和目的，让阅卷老师和读者眼前一亮。
什么是Introduction呢？
Introduction是论文的序幕，目的是向读者介绍本研究的前世今生。
总的来说，Introduction既是对过去和现在研究的系统精炼性的介绍、评价和总结；又是对本篇研究工作的提纲挈领的总结，提出科学假说，概括研究方法和研究结果，突出研究的创新性和研究意义，从而进一步吸引读者兴趣。
Introduction通常占整篇文章的5-10%，可怕的是，如果英文水平捉襟见肘点，那么整篇论文简直就是大型灾难现场。
地道的英语多用被动语态，句式也丰富多变。多掌握一些常用句式能够很快的帮我们搭建文章的结构，增加文章的可读性，理顺行文思路。
咱们今天就一起学习一下Introduction的常用逻辑结构和常用句式结构吧。
Introduction常用的逻辑结构
1.表述研究主题的价值、意义；
2.简要回顾领域内的相关学术文献；
3.目前存在的问题、争议或知识缺口；
4.介绍本研究的目的、研究问题或假设；
5.提供研究设计和方法的概要；
6.解释研究的意义或价值；
7.提供论文整体结构的概述。
具体举例
a）题XXX是重要的；
b）以往研究A、B曾经研究过这个问题；
c）但A、B的局限性和缺陷是XXX；
d）我们提出了新方法C/发现了新的C现象；
e）C的基本特征，和A、B进行比较；
f）实验证明C比A、B优越；
g）文章的基本结构，大纲。
根据上面总结的Introduction的7个逻辑结构，我们再看看它有哪些常用的句型，以下是曼彻斯特大学官网给出的官方标准版，大家可以用作参考。
01.表述研究主题对世界或社会的重要性
1.Xisfundamentalto
2.Xhasapivotalrolein
3.Xisfrequentlyprescribedfor
4.Xisfastbecomingakeyinstrumentin
5.Xplaysavitalroleinthemetabolismof
6.Xplaysacriticalroleinthemaintenanceof
7.Xshaveemergedaspowerfulplatformsfor
8.Xisessentialforawiderangeoftechnologies.
9.Xcanplayanimportantroleinaddressingtheissueof
10.Xsarethemostpotentanti-inflammatoryagentsknown.
11.ThereisevidencethatXplaysacrucialroleinregulating
12.Xisacommonconditionwhichhasconsiderableimpacton
13.Inthenewglobaleconomy,Xhasbecomeacentralissuefor
14.EvidencesuggeststhatXisamongthemostimportantfactorsfor
15.Xisimportantforawiderangeofscientificandindustrialprocesses.
16.Xsareoneofthemostwidelyusedgroupsofantibacterialagentsand
17.Thereisagrowingbodyofliteraturethatrecognisestheimportanceof
18.Xisanimportantcomponentintheclimatesystem,andplaysakeyroleinY.
19.Inthehistoryofdevelopmenteconomics,Xhasbeenthoughtofasakeyfactorin
20.XsareoneofthemostwidelyusedgroupsofYandhavebeenextensivelyusedfor.
02.表述研究主题对于学科的重要性
1.AkeyaspectofXis
2.Xisofinterestbecause
3.Xisaclassicproblemin
4.AprimaryconcernofXis
5.Xisadominantfeatureof
6.Xisanimportantaspectof
7.Xisafundamentalpropertyof
8.TheconceptsofXandYarecentralto
9.Xisattheheartofourunderstandingof
10.InvestigatingXisacontinuingconcernwithin
11.Xisamajorareaofinterestwithinthefieldof
12.Xhasbeenstudiedbymanyresearchersusing
13.Xhasbeenanobjectofresearchsincethe1960s.
14.Xhasbeenthesubjectofmanyclassicstudiesin
15.Xhasbeeninstrumentalinourunderstandingof
16.ThetheoryofXprovidesausefulaccountofhow
17.CentraltotheentiredisciplineofXistheconceptof
18.Xisanincreasinglyimportantareainappliedlinguistics.
19.TheissueofXhasreceivedconsiderablecriticalattention.
20.Xhaslongbeenaquestionofgreatinterestinawiderangeoffields.
03.研究主题：时间上的重要性
1.Recently,therehasbeenrenewedinterestin
2.Traditionally,Xshavesubscribedtothebeliefthat
3.Oneofthemostimportanteventsofthe1970swas
4.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenanincreasinginterestin
5.RecentdevelopmentsinXhaveheightenedtheneedfor
6.Thelasttwodecadeshaveseenagrowingtrendtowards
7.Recently,researchershaveshownanincreasedinterestin
8.Overthepastcentury,therehasbeenadramaticincreasein
9.RecenttrendsinXhaveledtoaproliferationofstudiesthat
10.XprovedanimportantliterarygenreintheearlyYcommunity.
11.ThepastdecadehasseentherapiddevelopmentofXinmany
12.Sinceitwasreportedin2005,Xhasbeenattractingalotofinterest.
13.Recently,aconsiderableliteraturehasgrownuparoundthethemeof
14.RecentdevelopmentsinthefieldofXhaveledtoarenewedinterestin
15.Thepastthirtyyearshaveseenincreasinglyrapidadvancesinthefieldof
16.ThechangesexperiencedbyXoverthepastdecaderemainunprecedented.
17.InlightofrecenteventsinX,itisbecomingextremelydifficulttoignoretheexistenceof
04.研究主题：亟待解决的问题
1.Xisamajorproblemin
2.Ofparticularconcernis
3.Oneofthemainobstacles
4.Oneofthegreatestchallenges
5.Akeyissueisthesafedisposalof
6.ThemaindisadvantageofXisthat
7.Xisassociatedwithincreasedriskof
8.Ximpactsnegativelyuponarangeof
9.Xisacommondisordercharacterisedby
10.ItisnowwellestablishedthatXcanimpair
11.Xhasledtothedeclineinthepopulationof
12.Xisagrowingpublichealthconcernworldwide.
13.Themainchallengefacedbymanyresearchersisthe
14.Xisoneofthemostfrequentlystatedproblemswith
15LackofXhasexistedasahealthproblemformanyyears.
16.Xisamajorenvironmentalproblem,andthemaincauseof
17.Xsareoneofthemostrapidlydeclininggroupsofinsectsin
18.Xistheleadingcauseofdeathinwestern-industrialisedcountries.
19.ExposuretoXhasbeenshowntoberelatedtoadverseeffectsin
20.ThereisincreasingconcernthatsomeXsarebeingdisadvantaged
21.Thereisanurgentneedtoaddressthesafetyproblemscausedby
However,
1.Xmaycause
2.Xislimitedby
3.Xsuffersfrom
4.Xistooexpensivetobeusedfor
5.Xhasaccentuatedtheproblemof
6.theperformanceofXislimitedby
7.Xcouldbeacontributingfactorto
8.thesynthesisofXremainsamajorchallenge.
9.Xcanbeextremelyharmfultohumanbeings.
10.researchhasconsistentlyshownthatXlacks
11.amajorproblemwiththiskindofapplicationis
12.thedeterminationofXistechnicallychallenging.
13.currentmethodsofXhaveproventobeunreliable.
14.theserapidchangesarehavingaseriouseffecton
15.Xcanbeadverselyaffectedundercertainconditions.
16.observationshaveindicatedaseriousdeclineinthepopulationof…
05.以往研究已证实….
1.Recentevidencesuggeststhat
2.Extensiveresearchhasshownthat
3.StudiesofXshowtheimportanceof
4.Ithaspreviouslybeenobservedthat
5.Severalattemptshavebeenmadeto
6.Previousresearchhasestablishedthat
7.Datafromseveralstudiessuggestthat
8.Recentworkbyhistorianshasestablishedthat
9.PreviousresearchcomparingXandYhasfound
10.TheexistingbodyofresearchonXsuggeststhat
11.Thereisagrowingbodyofliteraturethatrecognises
12.SeveraltheoriesontheoriginofXhavebeenproposed.
13.Existingresearchrecognisesthecriticalroleplayedby
14.Itisnowwellestablishedfromavarietyofstudies,that
15.RecentlyinvestigatorshaveexaminedtheeffectsofXonY.
16.SurveyssuchasthatconductedbySmith(1988)haveshownthat
17.FactorsfoundtobeinfluencingXhavebeenexploredinseveralstudies.
18.Anumberofcross-sectionalstudiessuggestanassociationbetweenXandY
19.Studiesoverthepasttwodecadeshaveprovidedimportantinformationon
20.AconsiderableamountofliteraturehasbeenpublishedonX.Thesestudies
06.领域内的争论、分歧、知识缺陷
1.Amuchdebatedquestioniswhether
2.OnemajorissueinearlyXresearchconcerned
3.Todatetherehasbeenlittleagreementonwhat
4.Theissuehasgrowninimportanceinlightofrecent
5.OneofthemostsignificantcurrentdiscussionsinXis
6.IntheliteratureonX,therelativeimportanceofYisdebated.
7.Oneobserverhasalreadydrawnattentiontotheparadoxin
8.Questionshavebeenraisedabouttheuseofanimalsubjectsin
9.InmanyXs,adebateistakingplacebetweenYsandZsconcerning
10.Debatecontinuesaboutthebeststrategiesforthemanagementof
11.ThisconcepthasrecentlybeenchallengedbyXstudiesdemonstrating
12.ThedebateaboutXhasgainedfreshprominencewithmanyarguingthat
13.ScholarshavelongdebatedtheimpactofXonthecreationanddiffusionof
14.Morerecently,literaturehasemergedthatofferscontradictoryfindingsabout
15.Onemajortheoreticalissuethathasdominatedthefieldformanyyearsconcerns
16.ThecontroversyaboutscientificevidenceforXhasragedunabatedforoveracentury.
17.TheissueofXhasbeenacontroversialandmuchdisputedsubjectwithinthefieldof
18.ThecausesofXhavebeenthesubjectofintensedebatewithinthescientificcommunity.
19.IntheliteratureonX,therelativeimportanceofYhasbeensubjecttoconsiderablediscussion.
07.以往研究的不足之处
1.PreviousstudiesofXhavenotdealtwith
2.ResearchershavenottreatedXinmuchdetail.
3.Suchexpositionsareunsatisfactorybecausethey
4.MoststudiesinthefieldofXhaveonlyfocusedon
5.Suchapproaches,however,havefailedtoaddress
6.Previouspublishedstudiesarelimitedtolocalsurveys.
7.Halfofthestudiesevaluatedfailedtospecifywhether
8.TheresearchtodatehastendedtofocusonXratherthanY.
9.PreviouslypublishedstudiesontheeffectofXarenotconsistent.
10.Smithsanalysisdoesnottakeaccountof,nordoessheexamine
11.TheexistingaccountsfailtoresolvethecontradictionbetweenXandY.
12.However,muchoftheresearchuptonowhasbeendescriptiveinnature
13.Thegeneralisabilityofmuchpublishedresearchonthisissueisproblematic.
14.Researchonthesubjecthasbeenmostlyrestrictedtolimitedcomparisonsof
15.However,fewwritershavebeenabletodrawonanysystematicresearchinto
16.Short-termstudiessuchasthesedonotnecessarilyshowsubtlechangesovertime
17.AlthoughextensiveresearchhasbeencarriedoutonX,nosinglestudyexistswhich
18.However,theseresultswerebasedupondatafromover30yearsagoanditisunclearif
19.Theexperimentaldataarerathercontroversial,andthereisnogeneralagreementabout
20.MoststudiesinXhaveonlybeencarriedoutinasmallnumberofareas.
08.该课题缺少相关研究
1.Thereislittlepublisheddataon
2.NopreviousstudyhasinvestigatedX.
3.TheuseofXhasnotbeeninvestigated.
4.Therehasbeennodetailedinvestigationof
5.Therehasbeenlittlequantitativeanalysisof
6.DataabouttheefficacyandsafetyofXarelimited.
7.Uptonow,fartoolittleattentionhasbeenpaidto
8.Asearchoftheliteraturerevealedfewstudieswhich
9.TheimpactofXonYisunderstudied,particularlyfor
10.FewstudieshaveinvestigatedXinanysystematicway
11.Inaddition,noresearchhasbeenfoundthatsurveyed
12.Sofar,however,therehasbeenlittlediscussionabout
13.Sofar,verylittleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheroleofX.
14.Surprisingly,theeffectsofXhavenotbeencloselyexamined.
15.IncontrasttoX,thereismuchlessinformationabouteffectsof
16.AsystematicunderstandingofhowXcontributestoYisstilllacking.
17.DespitetheimportanceofX,thereremainsapaucityofevidenceon
18.Therehavebeennocontrolledstudieswhichcomparedifferencesin
19.Todate,theproblemhasreceivedscantattentionintheresearchliterature
20.Todate,therearefewstudiesthathaveinvestigatedtheassociationbetween
While/Whilst/Although,someresearchhasbeencarriedoutonX.
1.nosinglestudyexistswhich
2.nostudieshavebeenfoundwhich
3.nocontrolledstudieshavebeenreported.
4.onlytwostudieshaveattemptedtoinvestigate
5.therehavebeenfewempiricalinvestigationsinto
6.thereisstillverylittlescientificunderstandingof
7.themechanismbywhichhasnotbeenestablished.
09.知识缺口
1.Itisstillnotknownwhether
2.muchlessisknownaboutX.
3.ThenatureofXremainsunclear.
4.Currently,therearenodataon
5.Whatislessclearisthenatureof
6.VerylittleiscurrentlyknownaboutXin
7.Researchtodatehasnotyetdetermined
8.WhatisnotyetclearistheimpactofXon
9.Thereisstilluncertainty,however,whether
10.TheresponseofXtoYisnotfullyunderstood.
11.CausalfactorsleadingtoXremainspeculative.
12.TheneurobiologicalbasisofXispoorlyunderstood.
13.LittleisknownaboutXanditisnotclearwhatfactors
14.Todate,onlyalimitednumberofXshavebeenidentified.
15.ThemechanismsthatunderpinXarenotfullyunderstood.
16.Muchuncertaintystillexistsabouttherelationshipbetween
17.ThisindicatesaneedtounderstandthevariousperceptionsofXthatexistamong
18.ItisnowwellestablishedthatHowever,theinfluenceofXonYhasremainedunclear.
However,
1.verylittleisknownaboutXin
2.fewstudieshaveinvestigated
3.thenatureofXremainsunclear.
4.muchlessisknownabouthow
5.theuseofXhasnotbeeninvestigated.
6.fartoolittleattentionhasbeenpaidto
7.thebehaviourofXhasnotyetbeeninvestigated.
8.theevidenceforthisrelationshipisinconclusive
9.muchuncertaintystillexistsabouttherelationbetween
10.therehavebeennocontrolledstudieswhichcomparedifferencesin
10.陈述文章的目的、焦点、争论
1.Inthispaper,Iarguethat
2.Thispaperattemptstoshowthat
3.Thecentralthesisofthispaperisthat
4.Inthepagesthatfollow,itwillbearguedthat
5.Inthisessay,Iattempttodefendtheviewthat
6.Theaimofthisessayistoexploretherelationshipbetween
7.Thepurposeofthispaperistoreviewrecentresearchintothe
Thispaper
1.arguesthat
2.givesanaccountof
3.discussesthecaseof
4.analysestheimpactof
5.attemptstoshowthat
6.conteststheclaimthat
7.providesanoverviewof
8.reviewstheevidencefor
9.reportsonastudywhich
10.tracesthedevelopmentof
11.exploresthewaysinwhich
12.assessesthesignificanceof
13.highlightstheimportanceof
14.considerstheimplicationsof
15.criticallyexaminestheviewthat
16.proposesanewmethodologyfor
17.examinestherelationshipbetween
18.comparesthedifferentwaysinwhich
19.investigatesthefactorsthatdetermine
20.describesthedesignandimplementationof
11.陈述研究的目标
1.Thespecificobjectiveofthisstudywasto
2.Anobjectiveofthisstudywastoinvestigate
3.Thisthesiswillexaminethewayinwhichthe
4.Thisstudysetouttoinvestigatetheusefulnessof
5.Thisdissertationseekstoexplainthedevelopmentof
6.Thiscasestudyseekstoexaminethechangingnatureof
7.Theobjectivesofthisresearcharetodeterminewhether
8.Thisprospectivestudywasdesignedtoinvestigatetheuseof
9.ThisresearchexaminestheemergingroleofXinthecontextof
10.Thisstudysystematicallyreviewsthedatafor,aimingtoprovide
11.DrawingupontwostrandsofresearchintoX,thisstudyattemptsto
12.Thisthesisintendstodeterminetheextenttowhichandwhether
13.Thisdissertationaimstounravelsomeofthemysteriessurrounding
14.ThisstudythereforesetouttoassesstheeffectofX,andtheeffectof
15.ThemainaimofthisstudyistoinvestigatethedifferencesbetweenXandY.
16.Partoftheaimofthisprojectistodevelopsoftwarethatiscompatiblewith
17.Therearetwoprimaryaimsofthisstudy:1.Toinvestigate2.Toascertain
18.Thisstudyseekstoobtaindatawhichwillhelptoaddresstheseresearchgaps.
19.Onepurposeofthisstudywastoassesstheextenttowhichthesefactorswere
20.ThepurposeofthisinvestigationistoexploretherelationshipbetweenXandY.
12.实验设计和实验方法
1.Dataforthisstudywerecollectedusing
2.Fiveworkswillbeexamined,allofwhich
3.Thisinvestigationtakestheformofacasestudyofthe
4.Thisstudywasexploratoryandinterpretativeinnature.
5.Thisstudyusesaqualitativecasestudyapproachtoinvestigate
6.Theresearchdatainthisthesisisdrawnfromfourmainsources:
7.Theapproachtoempiricalresearchadoptedforthisstudywasoneof
8.Thisdissertationfollowsacase-studydesign,within-depthanalysisof
9.Byemployingqualitativemodesofenquiry,Iattempttoilluminatethe
10.Qualitativeandquantitativeresearchdesignswereadoptedtoprovide
11.Bothqualitativeandquantitativemethodswereusedinthisinvestigation.
12.Aholisticapproachisutilised,integratingX,YandZmaterialtoestablish
13.Thestudywasconductedintheformofasurvey,withdatabeinggatheredvia
14.Themethodologicalapproachtakeninthisstudyisamixedmethodologybasedon
15.Acombinationofquantitativeandqualitativeapproacheswasusedinthedataanalysis.
13.本研究的意义所在
1.Thisisthefirststudyto
2.Thisstudyprovidesnewinsightsinto
3.Thisworkwillgeneratefreshinsightinto
4.Thestudyofferssomeimportantinsightsinto
5.UnderstandingthelinkbetweenXandYwillhelp
6.Thisisthefirststudytoundertakealongitudinalanalysisof
7.Thepresentresearchexplores,forthefirsttime,theeffectsof
8.Theimportanceandoriginalityofthisstudyarethatitexplores
9.Thefindingsshouldmakeanimportantcontributiontothefieldof.
10.CharacterisationofXisimportantforourincreasedunderstandingof
11.Itishopedthatthisresearchwillcontributetoadeeperunderstandingof
12.Thisstudyaimstocontributetothisgrowingareaofresearchbyexploring
13.Thisprojectprovidedanimportantopportunitytoadvancetheunderstandingof
14.Therefore,thisstudymakesamajorcontributiontoresearchonXbydemonstrating
15.Thereareseveralimportantareaswherethisstudymakesanoriginalcontributionto
16.Theexperimentalworkpresentedhereprovidesoneofthefirstinvestigationsintohow
14.本研究的不足之处
1.Thethesisdoesnotengagewith
2.Itisnotthetaskofthispapertoexamine
3.Thisstudyisunabletoencompasstheentire
4.EstablishingXisbeyondthescopeofthisstudy.
5.Itisbeyondthescopeofthisstudytoexaminethe
6.AfulldiscussionofXliesbeyondthescopeofthisstudy.
7.Thereadershouldbearinmindthatthestudyisbasedon
8.Anotherpotentialproblemisthatthescopeofmythesismaybetoobroad.
9.Duetopracticalconstraints,thispapercannotprovideacomprehensivereviewof
15.表述文章结构
1.Thefirstsectionofthispaperwillexamine
2.ThispaperbeginsbyItwillthengoonto
3.Mythesisiscomposedoffourthemedchapters.
4.Theessayhasbeenorganisedinthefollowingway.
5.Theremainingpartofthepaperproceedsasfollows:
6.Themainissuesaddressedinthispaperare:a),b)andc).
7.ThispaperfirstgivesabriefoverviewoftherecenthistoryofX.
8.Thispaperhasbeendividedintofourparts.Thefirstpartdealswith
9.Thethirdchapterisconcernedwiththemethodologyusedforthisstudy.
10.Theoverallstructureofthestudytakestheformofsixchapters,including
11.ChapterFouranalysestheresultsofinterviewsandfocusgroupdiscussionsundertakenduring
12.ChapterTwobeginsbylayingoutthetheoreticaldimensionsoftheresearch,andlooksathow
13.Thefourthsectionpresentsthefindingsoftheresearch,focusingonthethreekeythemesthat
16.解释关键术语
1.Throughoutthispaper,thetermXwillreferto
2.ThetermXwillbeusedinthisthesistoreferto
3.Historically,thetermXhasbeenusedtodescribe
4.Itisnecessaryheretoclarifyexactlywhatismeantby
5.ThephraseXwillbeusedinthisstudytodescribethe
6.AccordingtoSmith(2002),Xcanbedefinedasfollows:
7.Inthisarticle,theabbreviationXYZwillbeusedtoreferto
8.Throughoutthisdissertation,thetermXwillbeusedtoreferto
9.ThetermXisarelativelynewnamefor,commonlyreferredtoas
10.Inthisessay,thetermXwillbeusedinitsbroadestsensetorefertoall
11.Inthisdissertation,thetermsXandYareusedinterchangeablytomean
12.WhileavarietyofdefinitionsofthetermXhavebeensuggested,thispaperwillusethedefinitionfirstsuggestedbySmith(1968)whosawitas
